Airway any passage in a mine along which an air current moves. Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. These falls of roof and rib resulted in more than 4,600 injuries, or 12% of the total reported underground injuries. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in. Monitoring and sampling approaches to assess underground coal mine dust exposures compares the monitoring technologies and sampling protocols currently used or required by the united states, and in similarly industrialized countries for the control of rcmd exposure in underground coal mines. New technology has enabled greater productivity and safer mining in underground operations, which has also helped decrease the cost of such production methods. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies.
This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. When any ore body lies a considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and underground techniques must be considered. The application of major hazard risk assessment mhra to eliminate multiple fatality occurrences in the us minerals industry by a. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Because subsidence due to underground mining may be inevitable, the relevant questions to be asked are how much, when, and where, and. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. While most largescale mining projects involve openpit mining, many large underground mines are in operation around the world. Porgera underground mine and its mining methods basic. Rock blasting in underground mining chapter 19 391 19. Rock blasting in underground mining pdf free download. It must be of highenoughgrade toallow of good triangula tion work, and not toosensitivefor rough usage.
Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Depending on the mineral being mined and the nature of the deposit, there are many different underground mining methods that can be implemented. Surface mining can be accomplished by the following main methods. In combination, these factors allow us to determine an appropriate arrangement and sequence for. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. Techniques in underground mining download ebook pdf, epub. Pdf underground mining methods download full pdf book. Engineering fundamentals and international case studies presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Underground mining techniques and risks geology for investors. Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. Underground mining in porgera employ a unique mining method known as avoca mining. Underground construction has been around for thousands of years, mostly developed through mining and more recently through transport, housing and commercial industries. The actual difference between surface and underground mining.
On the surface of an underground mine, a collar is required for a shaft or raise entry, while a portal refers to the entrance for an adit, decline, or ramp. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. Most bauxite, iron, and copper ore is mined by open pit techniques, lead and zinc ore are principally extracted by underground mining. Underground mining is used for small, highgrade deposits covered with a thick overburden soil and rock above the ore, or for deep and sloping deposits. A manual of underground surveying civil engineering. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. Download complete pdf of the porgera underground mine and its mining method. Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. As such, geology is a vital factor in the correct selection of mining method and equipment. However, ever since the introduction of continuous miners in the late 1940s, roomandpillar continuous mining has been gaining ground over conventional roomandpillar mining. Counting against underground mining are the costs, which, for each ton of material mined, are much higher underground than on the.
The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Some pits operate at a rate of more than 100,000 tpd. Furthermore, the paper describes concepts that can be incorporated into the overall ventilation design of these mines. Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments. Longwall mining is a highly mechaniz ed underground mining sys tem for mining coal. Solution mining includes both borehole mining, such as the methods used to extrac t sodium chloride or sulfur, and leaching, either through drillholes or in dumps or heap s on the surface. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits. The most common underground large opening mines are underground stone mines followed by underground rock salt mines.
Students describe some techniques of underground mining. This is a loose term implying any fatal gas in a mine after an explosion or fire. Gold mining is the process of mining of gold or gold ores from the ground. Exploring abandoned mines and unusual places 1,667,926 views. Future mining underground encompasses everything from haulage to mine planning to networks, and is an area where all the major mining companies and many of the smaller ones are focussing, both to maximise production efficiency and increase safety. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Mining excavations of the stope, and, typically, the immediate proximity. More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of support, block and panel caving, and sublevel caving make up this comprehensive text. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Local conditions will form the basis for choosing the appropriate mining method.
Underground mining is generally more selective than open pit mining, but the degree of selectivity depends on the underground mining method. Techniques in underground mining download ebook pdf. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. There are several techniques and processes by which gold may be extracted from the earth.
Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types. Types of underground mining and their applications youtube. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Modifying the mining method and introducing new, more powerful machines are actions that should raise the efficiency of work procedures. Techniques in underground mining ilo encyclopaedia. Ore is fragmented in the stope using ringdrilled or long parallel blast holes, and moved to the. Methods for underground mining the choice of mining method is influenced by the shape and size of the ore deposit, the value of the contained minerals, the composition, stability and strength of the rock mass and the demands for production output and safe working conditions which sometimes are in conflict. The application of major hazard risk assessment mhra to. Counting against underground mining are the costs, which, for each ton of material mined, are much higher. It set of longwall mining equipment consists of a coal shear er mounted on convey or operating. Glossary of mining terminology after damp gasses resulting from underground combustion, normally carbon monoxide. Ground subsidence monitoring is of paramount importance in relation to the safety and efficiency of underground mining operations. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss effective for smallscale operations.
Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel stoping, cutandfill, longwall mining, sublevel caving, block caving, backfill. New trends in development of mining equipment emphasizing drilling efficiency and especial ly accuracy in both dri fti ng and product i on. General process in all methods of surface mining, first, the overburden is stripped off using earthmovers. Figure f1 schematic of a roomandpillar coal mine section. As open pit operations contributes a big junk of the mines production, the underground operations also contrite considerable amount of high grade gold. Centers for disease control and prevention national institute for occupational safety and health spokane research laboratory spokane, wa.
By the new stone age,humans had progressed to underground mining in systematic openings 2 to 3 ft 0. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. Collar collars are also required for ventilation shafts, service shafts, and for all raises that reach surface. Includes descriptions of stope mining, block caving, room and pillar mining and longwall mining. More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of. Constructing collars in a rock outcrop or in shallow overburden is. Chapter 19 rock blasting in underground mining chapter outline 19. Placer deposits are composed of relatively loose material that makes tunneling. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Download techniques in underground mining or read online books in pdf, epub, tuebl, and mobi format. Although underground mining is a less environmentallydestructive means of gaining access to an ore deposit, it is often more costly and entails greater safety risks than strip mining, including openpit mining.
Also, skin failures, which are the failure of small blocks or slabs of roof and rib, have been recognized as a problem in the coal mining industry for many years. Placer mining is the technique by which gold that has accumulated in a placer deposit is extracted. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner. Moreover, in established coal fields in eastern australia, it has become harder and harder to select underground minesites which can avoid major engineering. Includes a table listing environmental impacts of underground mining and describing how each impact is managed.
Jul 24, 2016 4100 feet underground in the massive, abandoned admiral aaron ward mine duration. In his keynote at massmin 2016, fidel baez nunez, head of technology and innovation at. The time to plan for subsidence impacts is well before mining begins, not after surface effects are noticed. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore. This book consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. Modern drilling and blasting techniques in underground mining. Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals excluding petroleum and natural gas in the united states, including 98% of metallic ores. The channel tunnel, london underground, british library, and various shopping centre are all examples of underground construction. Click download or read online button to get techniques in underground mining book now. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as. Open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies.
It consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. Underground construction techniques civil engineering. Surface mining tt coal produced underground mining tt coal produced mining techniques contour area conventional longwall liquid effluents 0. Air shaft a vertical opening into a mine for the passage of air.